Mental models are shortcuts for understanding seemingly complex ideas or frameworks.
They are often practical, useful abstractions that guide thinking and actions. They break down complexity into manageable parts to enhance understanding and reasoning.
Here are some mental models I always come back to. You should explore them.
Inversion
‘Avoiding stupidity is easier than seeking brilliance.’ Avoiding things that prevent us from getting what we want dramatically increases our odds of success.
First Principle Thinking
This involves breaking complex issues into their most fundamental provable elements. Break down those elements further into basic truths or axioms. Then reason upwards from those building blocks to develop solutions or new insights.
Second Order Thinking
Consider not just the immediate, direct effects of a decision (first-order consequences), but also the indirect, delayed, and compounding effects that can arise later (second-order and beyond).
The map is not the territory
Representations of reality, such as maps, models, or theories, are not the same as reality itself. Don’t confuse mental models or symbols with the actual things they depict.
Circle of Competence
You’ll likely win if you play games where you have a huge advantage in. Know what you truly understand deeply and operate within that circle. Avoid fields where your knowledge is limited or superficial.
Hanlon’s Razor
People are not out to get you. Don’t label a behaviour as malicious without overwhelming evidence. Most of the time, it’s simply due to stupidity, incompetence, or neglect.
Thought Experiment
An imaginary scenario is constructed to explore, clarify, or test an idea, principle, hypothesis, or argument—usually in cases where actual experimentation is impossible, impractical, or unethical.
Leverage
Utilising small, strategic actions, tools, or resources to achieve disproportionately large outcomes, amplifying effort so that minimal input results in maximum output.
Self Preservation
The instinct and strategy that drives individuals to protect themselves from physical, emotional, social, and psychological threats, ensuring survival and well-being.
Excessive focus on self-preservation can lead to stagnation, missed opportunities, and strained relationships if unchecked.